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A Z-score is a statistical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values. It indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean. A positive Z-score means the value is above the mean, while a negative Z-score indicates it is below. This concept is crucial for determining how unusual or typical a particular data point is within a dataset.

Standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values. A low standard deviation means that the values tend to be close to the mean, while a high standard deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. Understanding standard deviation is essential for calculating Z-scores and assessing the significance of data points in relation to the overall dataset.

In statistics, significance refers to the likelihood that a result or relationship is caused by something other than mere random chance. A common threshold for significance is a p-value of less than 0.05. In the context of the longest wait time, determining if it is significantly high involves comparing its Z-score to critical values that indicate whether it falls within a typical range or is an outlier.