Table of contents
- 1. Intro to Stats and Collecting Data55m
- 2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs1h 55m
- 3. Describing Data Numerically1h 45m
- 4. Probability2h 16m
- 5. Binomial Distribution & Discrete Random Variables2h 33m
- 6. Normal Distribution and Continuous Random Variables1h 38m
- 7. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Mean1h 3m
- 8. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Proportion1h 12m
- 9. Hypothesis Testing for One Sample1h 1m
- 10. Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples2h 8m
- 11. Correlation48m
- 12. Regression1h 4m
- 13. Chi-Square Tests & Goodness of Fit1h 20m
- 14. ANOVA1h 0m
2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs
Frequency Distributions
Problem 2.1.16
Textbook Question
use the frequency distribution to find the (a) class width, (b) class midpoints, and (c) class boundaries.
Toledo, OH, Average Normal Temperatures (F)


1
Step 1: To find the class width, subtract the lower boundary of the first class from the upper boundary of the first class. For example, for the class 25–32, the class width is calculated as 32 - 25.
Step 2: To find the class midpoints, calculate the average of the lower and upper boundaries for each class. For example, for the class 25–32, the midpoint is calculated as (25 + 32) / 2.
Step 3: To find the class boundaries, subtract 0.5 from the lower boundary and add 0.5 to the upper boundary for each class. For example, for the class 25–32, the boundaries are calculated as 24.5 and 32.5.
Step 4: Repeat the calculations for class width, midpoints, and boundaries for all other classes in the frequency distribution table.
Step 5: Organize the results into a table format for clarity, listing the class widths, midpoints, and boundaries for each class.

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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Class Width
Class width is the difference between the upper and lower boundaries of a class interval in a frequency distribution. It helps in determining how data is grouped into intervals. For example, in the class interval 25-32, the class width is 32 - 25 = 7. Consistent class widths are essential for accurate data representation and analysis.
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Class Midpoint
The class midpoint is the value that lies in the middle of a class interval and is calculated by averaging the upper and lower boundaries of the class. For instance, for the class 25-32, the midpoint is (25 + 32) / 2 = 28.5. Midpoints are useful for summarizing data and performing further statistical calculations, such as finding the mean.
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Class Boundaries
Class boundaries are the values that separate one class interval from another, ensuring there are no gaps between classes. They are typically calculated by taking the average of the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next. For example, the boundary between the classes 32 and 33 would be 32.5. Understanding class boundaries is crucial for accurate data analysis and representation.
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