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Probability is a measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A probability of 0 indicates that the event cannot happen, while a probability of 1 indicates certainty. In the context of the SAT question, the probability of guessing the correct answer from five options is calculated as the number of successful outcomes (1 correct answer) divided by the total number of possible outcomes (5 options).

Random guessing refers to making a choice without any knowledge or strategy, relying solely on chance. In the SAT example, when a student guesses an answer among five choices (a, b, c, d, e), each option has an equal likelihood of being selected. This concept is crucial for understanding how to calculate the probability of success when no prior knowledge influences the decision.

Multiple choice questions present respondents with several answer options, from which they must select the correct one. The structure of these questions allows for straightforward probability calculations, as each option can be treated as an independent event. In the SAT scenario, knowing there are five choices helps in determining the probability of selecting the correct answer through random guessing.