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The mean, or average, is calculated by summing all the values in a dataset and dividing by the number of values. It provides a central value that represents the dataset, but can be influenced by extreme values (outliers). For example, in the given test scores, the mean would give an overall sense of the students' performance.

The median is the middle value of a dataset when it is ordered from least to greatest. If there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. This measure is less affected by outliers and provides a better representation of the central tendency in skewed distributions, making it useful for analyzing the test scores.

Data distribution refers to how values are spread or arranged in a dataset. Understanding the distribution helps in identifying patterns, trends, and the presence of outliers. In the context of the test scores, analyzing the distribution can reveal insights about the overall performance of the students and how their scores relate to each other.