Table of contents
- 1. Intro to Stats and Collecting Data55m
- 2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs1h 55m
- 3. Describing Data Numerically1h 45m
- 4. Probability2h 16m
- 5. Binomial Distribution & Discrete Random Variables2h 33m
- 6. Normal Distribution and Continuous Random Variables1h 38m
- 7. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Mean1h 3m
- 8. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Proportion1h 12m
- 9. Hypothesis Testing for One Sample1h 1m
- 10. Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples2h 8m
- 11. Correlation48m
- 12. Regression1h 4m
- 13. Chi-Square Tests & Goodness of Fit1h 20m
- 14. ANOVA1h 0m
3. Describing Data Numerically
Median
Problem 2.3.28
Textbook Question
Using and Interpreting Concepts
Finding and Discussing the Mean, Median, and Mode In Exercises 17–34, find the mean, the median, and the mode of the data, if possible. If any measure cannot be found or does not represent the center of the data, explain why.
Judicial System The responses of a sample of 34 young adult United Kingdom males in custodial sentences who were asked what is affected by such sentences (Adapted from User Voice)
Mental health: 8
Trust: 3
Education: 8
Personal development: 5
Family: 3
Future opportunities: 3
Other: 4

1
Step 1: Organize the data into a frequency distribution table. The categories and their respective frequencies are: Mental health (8), Trust (3), Education (8), Personal development (5), Family (3), Future opportunities (3), Other (4).
Step 2: Calculate the mean. To find the mean, sum the products of each category's frequency and its corresponding value, then divide by the total number of responses (34). Use the formula: , where x is the category value, f is the frequency, and N is the total number of responses.
Step 3: Determine the median. Arrange the data in ascending order based on frequency. Since there are 34 responses (an even number), the median is the average of the 17th and 18th values in the ordered dataset. Identify these positions and calculate their average.
Step 4: Identify the mode. The mode is the category with the highest frequency. Look at the frequency distribution table and determine which category appears most frequently.
Step 5: Interpret the results. Discuss whether the mean, median, and mode effectively represent the center of the data. Consider factors such as the distribution of frequencies and whether any measure might be skewed or less representative due to the nature of the data.

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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Mean
The mean, or average, is calculated by summing all the values in a dataset and dividing by the number of values. It provides a central value that represents the dataset as a whole. However, the mean can be sensitive to extreme values (outliers), which may skew the result and misrepresent the data's center.
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Median
The median is the middle value of a dataset when it is ordered from least to greatest. If there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle numbers. The median is a robust measure of central tendency, as it is not affected by outliers, making it useful for skewed distributions.
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Mode
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. A dataset may have one mode (unimodal), more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal), or no mode at all if all values occur with the same frequency. The mode is particularly useful for categorical data where we wish to know which is the most common category.
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