Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Statistics53m
- 2. Describing Data with Tables and Graphs2h 1m
- 3. Describing Data Numerically1h 48m
- 4. Probability2h 26m
- 5. Binomial Distribution & Discrete Random Variables2h 55m
- 6. Normal Distribution & Continuous Random Variables1h 48m
- 7. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Mean1h 17m
- 8. Sampling Distributions & Confidence Intervals: Proportion1h 20m
- 9. Hypothesis Testing for One Sample1h 8m
- 10. Hypothesis Testing for Two Samples2h 8m
- 11. Correlation48m
- 12. Regression1h 4m
- 13. Chi-Square Tests & Goodness of Fit1h 30m
- 14. ANOVA1h 4m
4. Probability
Introduction to Contingency Tables
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Join thousands of students who trust us to help them ace their exams!Watch the first videoMultiple Choice
The table below shows the results from a drug trial for a new ADHD medication. Use the table to find the probability that a person's symptoms didn't improve and they received the non-placebo and identify the type of probability found.

A
0.4; Joint probability
B
0.4; Conditional probability
C
0.2; Joint probability
D
0.2; Conditional probability

1
Step 1: Understand the problem. We are tasked with finding the probability that a person's symptoms didn't improve and they received the non-placebo. Additionally, we need to identify the type of probability being calculated (joint or conditional).
Step 2: Review the table. The table provides data on the number of people whose symptoms improved or didn't improve, categorized by whether they received the placebo or non-placebo. Specifically, the 'Not Improved' and 'Non-Placebo' intersection is 20.
Step 3: Calculate the joint probability. Joint probability refers to the probability of two events happening simultaneously. To calculate this, divide the number of people who didn't improve and received the non-placebo (20) by the total number of participants (100). The formula is:
Step 4: Understand conditional probability. Conditional probability refers to the probability of one event occurring given that another event has already occurred. If this were a conditional probability question, we would need to divide the number of people who didn't improve and received the non-placebo (20) by the total number of people who received the non-placebo (50). The formula would be:
Step 5: Identify the type of probability. Based on the problem, we are calculating the probability of two events happening simultaneously ('Not Improved' and 'Non-Placebo'), which is a joint probability.
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