How English conversation works

Richard Cleeve
A couple sat on a sofa one with a laptop the other with a book; they are both laughing

English language teachers everywhere spend time and energy helping students practice their conversation skills. Some may ask whether conversation in English can actually be taught. And ¨C if it can ¨C what the rules might be.

To explore these questions, we spoke to world-renowned . He is an Honorary Professor of Linguistics at the University of Bangor and has written more than 120 books on the subject.

What makes a good conversation?

¡°It¡¯s very important that we put this everyday use of language under the microscope,¡± he says. He highlights three critical facets of conservation that we should bring into focus:

  • Fluency
  • Intelligibility
  • Appropriateness

But all in all, he says that people should walk away from a conversation feeling like they¡¯ve had a good chat.

¡°For the most part, people want that kind of mutual respect, mutual opportunity, and have some sort of shared topic about which they feel comfortable ¨C and these are the basics I think.¡±

The rules of conversation

There are plenty of ways you can teach learners to engage in a successful conversation ¨C including how to speak informally, use intonation, and provide feedback. So let¡¯s take a look at some of the key areas to focus on:

1) Appropriateness

Fluency and intelligibility are commonly covered in English language classes. But appropriateness can be more complicated to teach. When preparing to teach conversational appropriateness, we can look at it through two different lenses: subject matter and style:

2) Subject matter

¡°What subject matter is appropriate to use to get a conversation off the ground? There are cultural differences here,¡± he says. The weather is often a good icebreaker, since everyone is affected by it. The key is to find a common topic that all participants can understand and engage with.

3) Style

Teachers can also teach students about conversational style, focusing on how to make conversations more relaxed in English.

There are ¡°several areas of vocabulary and grammar ¨C and pronunciation too, intonation for example ¨C as well as body language, in which the informality of a conversation is expressed through quite traditional means,¡± says David. One example he offers is teaching students how to use contracted verb forms.

4) Simultaneous feedback

This is what makes a conversation tick. When we talk with someone, we let them know we¡¯re listening by giving them feedback. We say things like ¡°really¡± or ¡°huh¡± and use body language like facial expressions and gestures.

Of course, these feedback noises and expressions can be taught. But they won¡¯t necessarily be new to students. English learners do the same when speaking their own language, anyway.

Keep in mind though, that when it comes to speaking online on video conferencing platforms, it¡¯s not easy to give this type of simultaneous feedback. People¡¯s microphones might be on mute or there might be a delay, which makes reacting in conversations awkward. So, says David, this means online conversations become much more like monologues.

5) Uptalk and accents

Uptalk is when a person declares something in a sentence, but raises their intonation at the end. For English learners, it might sound like someone is asking a question.

Here¡¯s an example:

  • ¡°I live in Holyhead¡± said in a flat tone ¨C this is a statement.
  • ¡°I live in Holyhead¡± said using uptalk ¨C you are stating you live here, but recognize that someone else might not know where it is.

Now, should teachers teach uptalk? David says yes. For one, it¡¯s fashionable to speak this way ¨C and it can be confusing for English learners if they don¡¯t understand why it¡¯s being used in a conversation.

¡°The other thing is that we are dealing here with a genuine change in the language. One of the biggest problems for all language teachers is to keep up to date with language changes. And language change can be very fast and is at the moment,¡± he says.

When it comes to accents, David is a fan. ¡°It¡¯s like being in a garden of flowers. Enjoy all the linguistic flowers,¡± he says, ¡°That¡¯s the beauty of language, its diversity¡±.

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    As English teachers, we¡¯re usually the ones helping others grow. We guide learners through challenges, celebrate their progress and push them to reach new heights. But what about our own growth? How do we, as educators, continue to develop and refine our practice?

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    Reflecting on our teaching practice

    The GSE helped me pause and reflect. I started reading through the learning objectives and asking myself important questions. Were my lessons really aligned with what learners at this level needed? Was I challenging them just enough or too much?

    By using the GSE as a mirror, I began to see areas where I could improve. For example, I realized that, although I was confident teaching speaking skills, I wasn¡¯t always giving enough attention to writing development. The GSE didn¡¯t judge me. It simply showed me where I could grow.

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    One of the best things about the GSE is that it brings clarity to lesson planning. Instead of guessing whether an activity is suitable for a student¡¯s level, I now check the GSE objectives. If I know a learner is at GSE 50 in speaking, I can design a role-play that matches that level of complexity. If another learner is at GSE 60, I can challenge them with more open-ended tasks.

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    The GSE has also become a shared language for collaboration. When I run workshops or peer mentoring sessions, I often invite teachers to explore the GSE Toolkit together. We look at learning objectives, discuss how they apply to our learners, and brainstorm ways to adapt materials.

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    If you¡¯re curious about how to start using the GSE for your own growth, here are a few simple steps:

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    Case study from my classroom

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    Why does progression seem to slow down as an English learner moves from beginner to more advanced skills?

    The journey of learning English

    When presenting at ELT conferences, I often ask the audience ¨C typically teachers and school administrators ¨C ¡°When you left home today, to start your journey here, did you know where you were going?¡± The audience invariably responds with a laugh and says yes, of course. I then ask, ¡°Did you know roughly when you would arrive at your destination?¡± Again the answer is, of course, yes. ¡°But what about your students on their English learning journey? Can they say the same?¡± At this point, the laughter stops.

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    The key thing about GPS is that it¡¯s very precise. You can see your start point, where you are heading and tell, to the mile or kilometer, how long your journey will be. You can also get an estimated time of arrival to the minute. As Mike Mayor mentioned in his post about what it means to be fluent, the same can¡¯t be said for understanding and measuring English proficiency. For several decades, the ELL industry got by with the terms ¡®beginner¡¯, ¡®elementary¡¯, ¡®pre-intermediate¡¯ and ¡®advanced¡¯ ¨C even though there was no definition of what they meant, where they started and where they ended.

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    Education, effort and motivation

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    Setting unrealistic expectations and promising outcomes that aren¡¯t deliverable is hugely demotivating for the learner. It also has a negative impact on teachers ¨C it¡¯s hard to feel job satisfaction when your students are feeling increasingly frustrated by their apparent lack of progress.

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