Understanding dialects in the English language

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Language reflects the diversity of human culture and society. Among its most fascinating parts are dialects, regional or social varieties of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Dialects are the heartbeat of a language, pulsing with the rich stories, traditions and identities of those who speak them.

Understanding a language and dialect, and its significance, can enrich the learning experience for language learners, offering a deeper appreciation of a language and its speakers. Dialects are not just variations within a language; they are often considered separate entities, each with its own rich history and cultural significance, highlighting the complexity and diversity of linguistic expression.

What exactly is a regional dialect?

At its core, a dialect is a variation of a language spoken by a particular group of people. However, the distinction between dialects and a different language can often be subjective. These variations can occur due to geographical, social class, ethnic, or historical reasons. While all speakers of a language share the same basic grammar rules and vocabulary, those speaking different dialects might use unique words and slang or have distinct pronunciations, highlighting the lack of an objective difference between dialects and languages.

For instance, British and American English are two dialects of the English language that are mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of either dialect can understand, and be understood, by the other. They share the same foundational grammar and most of the core vocabulary but differ in pronunciation, spelling, and some aspects of vocabulary and idioms. Similarly, within Britain or the United States, there are numerous regional dialects (e.g., Yorkshire English, Southern American English) that further showcase the diversity within a single language. Some of these dialects are considered by their speakers to be distinct languages, emphasizing the complex nature of linguistic identity and classification.

What is an example of a dialect?

An example of dialect variation can be seen in the Italian language, which boasts a wide range of regional dialects, showcasing linguistic diversity with multiple dialects spoken across Italy.

For example, the Tuscan dialect has historically been recognized as the basis for standard Italian, largely due to its use in influential literature. However, other dialects from regions like Sicily or Lombardy vary significantly from Tuscan Italian in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax, reflecting the diverse cultural landscapes and histories of Italy’s regions.

Another example of this variation of dialect within a single language is found in the United Kingdom. For instance, the Cockney dialect, originating from London’s East End, is renowned for its rhyming slang and distinct vowel sounds, serving as a prime example of spoken dialects that emphasize the importance of oral tradition. Contrastingly, the Geordie dialect, native to Newcastle and the surrounding areas, boasts an entirely different set of vocabulary, pronunciation patterns, and even grammatical structures, further highlighting the diverse range of spoken dialects within the standard English language.

What is the difference between a dialect and an accent?

The distinction between a dialect and an accent is subtle yet significant. An accent relates solely to differences in pronunciation - the distinct manner in which people say words, often influenced by unique speech patterns that can vary significantly across different languages and regions.

In contrast, a dialect encompasses not only pronunciation and accent but also includes specific grammar and vocabulary. Accents can be a component of a dialect, but dialects offer a broader spectrum of linguistic variety, including lexical and grammatical differences.

For instance, someone might speak English with a Scottish accent but use the same grammatical structures and vocabulary as an English speaker from London; however, Scots, a variety spoken in Scotland, is considered a dialect (or even a separate, distinct language, by some) because it possesses unique grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

Why are different dialects important?

Dialects are more than just linguistic variations; they are windows into communities' cultural and social fabric. They carry with them histories, traditions and the identity of their speakers. Some dialects are even considered 'distinct languages' by their speakers, highlighting the deep cultural significance of these linguistic forms. Learning about dialects, including regional dialects, can thus offer insights into:

  • Cultural contexts: Understanding the dialects of a language, especially regional dialects, can provide language learners with a richer cultural understanding and a more nuanced perspective of the language’s speakers. This exploration into regional dialects reveals the arbitrary distinction between 'standard' and 'nonstandard' dialects, which is often based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations.
  • Social dynamics: Dialects can reflect social distinctions, historical migrations and contact with other languages, offering clues about social hierarchies, historical conflicts and integrations.
  • Language evolution: Studying dialects reveals how languages change over time, adapting to societies' needs, migrations and innovations.
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Factors that influence dialects

Several factors can significantly influence the development and usage of dialects, including:

  • Geography: The geographical location of a group of speakers can play a significant role in shaping their dialect. Geographic isolation or settlement patterns can result in linguistic variations that may become entrenched as distinct dialects.
  • History: Historical events such as invasions, migrations, trade, colonization and even political alignments profoundly affect the development of dialects. For instance, the diversity of dialects in the British Isles can be traced back to the influence of Celtic, Norse and Norman French languages due to historical conquests and settlements.
  • Social Interaction: The level and type of interaction among social groups also contribute to dialect formation. Social segregation or integration can influence the emergence of new dialects or the disappearance of existing ones.
  • Economic conditions: Economic factors and shifts can lead to migrations and changes in social organization, which, in turn, affect language use and the development of dialects. Industrialization, for example, has caused significant shifts in dialects due to rural-urban migration.

Understanding these factors provides insights into the intricate processes that shape the evolution of dialects, offering a glimpse into the dynamic nature of human language and its ability to adapt to myriad changes in society.

How many dialects of English are there?

Estimating the exact number of English dialects worldwide is a complex task, given the language’s global spread and the constant evolution of speech communities. However, researchers and linguists have identified hundreds of dialects ranging from broad categorizations like British, American, Australian and Canadian English, to more specific regional varieties and local dialects such as Cockney (London), Scots (Scotland), African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the United States, and Hiberno-English in Ireland. This diversity is a testament to the adaptability of English and its ability to incorporate elements from various cultures and languages.

The vast array of English dialects can be as distinct as separate languages, highlighting the rich linguistic diversity within the English-speaking world. Each dialect, with its unique expressions, intonations and vocabulary, can be considered an 'own language' by its speakers, the same language reflecting their unique identity and cultural heritage.

Are any dialects going extinct?

In today's swiftly globalizing world, where a handful of 'world languages' are becoming increasingly dominant, many dialects are under the threat of disappearing. This is particularly evident when the speakers of these dialects migrate and adopt more dominant languages for better integration into new communities or for economic reasons, leading to a decrease in the number of fluent speakers. Furthermore, the widespread influence of digital media and the internet promotes a more uniform use of the same language throughout, further endangering dialects with fewer speakers.

For instance,ÌýÌýin Australia, North America and other parts of the world are at such critical risk that only a few fluent speakers remain, primarily among the older generation. Efforts to document and revitalize these dialects are underway, highlighting the urgent need to preserve the linguistic diversity that they represent. It's a reminder of how linguistic heritage is deeply intertwined with cultural identity, and losing a dialect can equate to losing a piece of human history.

How can language learners benefit from understanding dialects?

For language learners, venturing into the realm of dialects can be both challenging and rewarding. Here’s how understanding dialects can benefit learners:

  • Enhanced listening skills: Exposure to various dialects can improve learners’ ability to understand the language in different contexts, making them more adaptable and competent speakers.
  • Authentic communication: Learning the nuances of a dialect can allow language learners to communicate more authentically with native speakers, fostering deeper connections and understanding. Understanding how a person speaks, including their dialect, can enhance language learners' ability to connect with native speakers on a more personal and cultural level, enriching the learning journey.
  • Cultural immersion: Exploring dialects opens the door to exploring cultural nuances and traditions expressed through language, enhancing the immersive learning experience.

Navigating dialects as a language learner

While the diversity of dialects enriches a language, it can also present learners with the dilemma of which dialect to focus on. Here are a few strategies to navigate this challenge:

  1. Identify your goals: If your aim is to live in a specific region or work in a particular field, learning the local dialect might be more beneficial. However, focusing on the standard or widely understood dialect may be more pragmatic for general communication.
  2. Expose yourself to various dialects: Use media, literature and conversations with native speakers to familiarise yourself with different dialects. This exposure can enhance your understanding and appreciation of the language as a whole.
  3. Seek context: When encountering dialectal words or structures, try to understand the context in which they are used. This approach can help demystify dialectal variations and integrate them into your language use.

Understanding dialects is like exploring the soul of speech in a language, revealing the intricacies and beauties embedded within speech and its form. For language learners, this exploration is not just an academic exercise but a rich, rewarding experience that connects them more deeply with the language and its speakers. Happy dialect exploring!

Whether you're a beginner or looking to master the subtleties of English dialects, we have something for everyone. Join us in the world of language learning byÌýclicking here to read more in our blogs.

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    Can computers really mark exams? Benefits of ELT automated assessments

    By ÃÛÌÒapp Languages

    Automated assessment, including the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), is one of the latest education tech solutions. It speeds up exam marking times, removes human biases, and is as accurate and at least as reliable as human examiners. As innovations go, this one is a real game-changer for teachers and students. 

    However, it has understandably been met with many questions and sometimes skepticism in the ELT community – can computers really mark speaking and writing exams accurately? 

    The answer is a resounding yes. Students from all parts of the world already take AI-graded tests.  a²Ô»å VersantÌýtests – for example – provide unbiased, fair and fast automated scoring for speaking and writing exams – irrespective of where the test takers live, or what their accent or gender is. 

    This article will explain the main processes involved in AI automated scoring and make the point that AI technologies are built on the foundations of consistent expert human judgments. So, let’s clear up the confusion around automated scoring and AI and look into how it can help teachers and students alike. 

    AI versus traditional automated scoring

    First of all, let’s distinguish between traditional automated scoring and AI. When we talk about automated scoring, generally, we mean scoring items that are either multiple-choice or cloze items. You may have to reorder sentences, choose from a drop-down list, insert a missing word- that sort of thing. These question types are designed to test particular skills and automated scoring ensures that they can be marked quickly and accurately every time.

    While automatically scored items like these can be used to assess receptive skills such as listening and reading comprehension, they cannot mark the productive skills of writing and speaking. Every student's response in writing and speaking items will be different, so how can computers mark them?

    This is where AI comes in. 

    We hear a lot about how AI is increasingly being used in areas where there is a need to deal with large amounts of unstructured data, effectively and 100% accurately – like in medical diagnostics, for example. In language testing, AI uses specialized computer software to grade written and oral tests. 

    How AI is used to score speaking exams

    The first step is to build an acoustic model for each language that can recognize speech and convert it into waveforms and text. While this technology used to be very unusual, most of our smartphones can do this now. 

    These acoustic models are then trained to score every single prompt or item on a test. We do this by using human expert raters to score the items first, using double marking. They score hundreds of oral responses for each item, and these ‘Standards’ are then used to train the engine. 

    Next, we validate the trained engine by feeding in many more human-marked items, and check that the machine scores are very highly correlated to the human scores. If this doesn’t happen for any item, we remove it, as it must match the standard set by human markers. We expect a correlation of between .95-.99. That means that tests will be marked between 95-99% exactly the same as human-marked samples. 

    This is incredibly high compared to the reliability of human-marked speaking tests. In essence, we use a group of highly expert human raters to train the AI engine, and then their standard is replicated time after time.  

    How AI is used to score writing exams

    Our AI writing scoring uses a technology called . LSA is a natural language processing technique that can analyze and score writing, based on the meaning behind words – and not just their superficial characteristics. 

    Similarly to our speech recognition acoustic models, we first establish a language-specific text recognition model. We feed a large amount of text into the system, and LSA uses artificial intelligence to learn the patterns of how words relate to each other and are used in, for example, the English language. 

    Once the language model has been established, we train the engine to score every written item on a test. As in speaking items, we do this by using human expert raters to score the items first, using double marking. They score many hundreds of written responses for each item, and these ‘Standards’ are then used to train the engine. We then validate the trained engine by feeding in many more human-marked items, and check that the machine scores are very highly correlated to the human scores. 

    The benchmark is always the expert human scores. If our AI system doesn’t closely match the scores given by human markers, we remove the item, as it is essential to match the standard set by human markers.

    AI’s ability to mark multiple traits 

    One of the challenges human markers face in scoring speaking and written items is assessing many traits on a single item. For example, when assessing and scoring speaking, they may need to give separate scores for content, fluency and pronunciation. 

    In written responses, markers may need to score a piece of writing for vocabulary, style and grammar. Effectively, they may need to mark every single item at least three times, maybe more. However, once we have trained the AI systems on every trait score in speaking and writing, they can then mark items on any number of traits instantaneously – and without error. 

    AI’s lack of bias

    A fundamental premise for any test is that no advantage or disadvantage should be given to any candidate. In other words, there should be no positive or negative bias. This can be very difficult to achieve in human-marked speaking and written assessments. In fact, candidates often feel they may have received a different score if someone else had heard them or read their work.

    Our AI systems eradicate the issue of bias. This is done by ensuring our speaking and writing AI systems are trained on an extensive range of human accents and writing types. 

    We don’t want perfect native-speaking accents or writing styles to train our engines. We use representative non-native samples from across the world. When we initially set up our AI systems for speaking and writing scoring, we trialed our items and trained our engines using millions of student responses. We continue to do this now as new items are developed.

    The benefits of AI automated assessment

    There is nothing wrong with hand-marking homework tests and exams. In fact, it is essential for teachers to get to know their students and provide personal feedback and advice. However, manually correcting hundreds of tests, daily or weekly, can be repetitive, time-consuming, not always reliable and takes time away from working alongside students in the classroom. The use of AI in formative and summative assessments can increase assessed practice time for students and reduce the marking load for teachers.

    Language learning takes time, lots of time to progress to high levels of proficiency. The blended use of AI can:

    • address the increasing importance of formative assessmentÌýto drive personalized learning and diagnostic assessment feedback 

    • allow students to practice and get instant feedback inside and outside of allocated teaching time

    • address the issue of teacher workload

    • create a virtuous combination between humans and machines, taking advantage of what humans do best and what machines do best. 

    • provide fair, fast and unbiased summative assessment scores in high-stakes testing.

    We hope this article has answered a few burning questions about how AI is used to assess speaking and writing in our language tests. An interesting quote from Fei-Fei Li, Chief scientist at Google and Stanford Professor describes AI like this:

    “I often tell my students not to be misled by the name ‘artificial intelligence’ — there is nothing artificial about it; A.I. is made by humans, intended to behave [like] humans and, ultimately, to impact human lives and human society.â€

    AI in formative and summative assessments will never replace the role of teachers. AI will support teachers, provide endless opportunities for students to improve, and provide a solution to slow, unreliable and often unfair high-stakes assessments.

    Examples of AI assessments in ELT

    At ÃÛÌÒapp, we have developed a range of assessments using AI technology.

    Versant

    The Versant tests are a great tool to help establish language proficiency benchmarks in any school, organization or business. They are specifically designed for placement tests to determine the appropriate level for the learner.

    PTE Academic

    The  is aimed at those who need to prove their level of English for a university place, a job or a visa. It uses AI to score tests and results are available within five days. 

    ÃÛÌÒapp English International Certificate (PEIC)

    ÃÛÌÒapp English International Certificate (PEIC) also uses automated assessment technology. With a two-hour test available on-demand to take at home or at school (or at a secure test center). Using a combination of advanced speech recognition and exam grading technology and the expertise of professional ELT exam markers worldwide, our patented software can measure English language ability.