Understanding dialects in the English language

Friends walking outdoors chatting to eachother
Reading time: 7 minutes

Language reflects the diversity of human culture and society. Among its most fascinating parts are dialects, regional or social varieties of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Dialects are the heartbeat of a language, pulsing with the rich stories, traditions and identities of those who speak them.

Understanding a language and dialect, and its significance, can enrich the learning experience for language learners, offering a deeper appreciation of a language and its speakers. Dialects are not just variations within a language; they are often considered separate entities, each with its own rich history and cultural significance, highlighting the complexity and diversity of linguistic expression.

What exactly is a regional dialect?

At its core, a dialect is a variation of a language spoken by a particular group of people. However, the distinction between dialects and a different language can often be subjective. These variations can occur due to geographical, social class, ethnic, or historical reasons. While all speakers of a language share the same basic grammar rules and vocabulary, those speaking different dialects might use unique words and slang or have distinct pronunciations, highlighting the lack of an objective difference between dialects and languages.

For instance, British and American English are two dialects of the English language that are mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of either dialect can understand, and be understood, by the other. They share the same foundational grammar and most of the core vocabulary but differ in pronunciation, spelling, and some aspects of vocabulary and idioms. Similarly, within Britain or the United States, there are numerous regional dialects (e.g., Yorkshire English, Southern American English) that further showcase the diversity within a single language. Some of these dialects are considered by their speakers to be distinct languages, emphasizing the complex nature of linguistic identity and classification.

What is an example of a dialect?

An example of dialect variation can be seen in the Italian language, which boasts a wide range of regional dialects, showcasing linguistic diversity with multiple dialects spoken across Italy.

For example, the Tuscan dialect has historically been recognized as the basis for standard Italian, largely due to its use in influential literature. However, other dialects from regions like Sicily or Lombardy vary significantly from Tuscan Italian in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax, reflecting the diverse cultural landscapes and histories of Italy’s regions.

Another example of this variation of dialect within a single language is found in the United Kingdom. For instance, the Cockney dialect, originating from London’s East End, is renowned for its rhyming slang and distinct vowel sounds, serving as a prime example of spoken dialects that emphasize the importance of oral tradition. Contrastingly, the Geordie dialect, native to Newcastle and the surrounding areas, boasts an entirely different set of vocabulary, pronunciation patterns, and even grammatical structures, further highlighting the diverse range of spoken dialects within the standard English language.

What is the difference between a dialect and an accent?

The distinction between a dialect and an accent is subtle yet significant. An accent relates solely to differences in pronunciation - the distinct manner in which people say words, often influenced by unique speech patterns that can vary significantly across different languages and regions.

In contrast, a dialect encompasses not only pronunciation and accent but also includes specific grammar and vocabulary. Accents can be a component of a dialect, but dialects offer a broader spectrum of linguistic variety, including lexical and grammatical differences.

For instance, someone might speak English with a Scottish accent but use the same grammatical structures and vocabulary as an English speaker from London; however, Scots, a variety spoken in Scotland, is considered a dialect (or even a separate, distinct language, by some) because it possesses unique grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

Why are different dialects important?

Dialects are more than just linguistic variations; they are windows into communities' cultural and social fabric. They carry with them histories, traditions and the identity of their speakers. Some dialects are even considered 'distinct languages' by their speakers, highlighting the deep cultural significance of these linguistic forms. Learning about dialects, including regional dialects, can thus offer insights into:

  • Cultural contexts: Understanding the dialects of a language, especially regional dialects, can provide language learners with a richer cultural understanding and a more nuanced perspective of the language’s speakers. This exploration into regional dialects reveals the arbitrary distinction between 'standard' and 'nonstandard' dialects, which is often based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations.
  • Social dynamics: Dialects can reflect social distinctions, historical migrations and contact with other languages, offering clues about social hierarchies, historical conflicts and integrations.
  • Language evolution: Studying dialects reveals how languages change over time, adapting to societies' needs, migrations and innovations.
A woman learning outdoors looking at a sceneic view

Factors that influence dialects

Several factors can significantly influence the development and usage of dialects, including:

  • Geography: The geographical location of a group of speakers can play a significant role in shaping their dialect. Geographic isolation or settlement patterns can result in linguistic variations that may become entrenched as distinct dialects.
  • History: Historical events such as invasions, migrations, trade, colonization and even political alignments profoundly affect the development of dialects. For instance, the diversity of dialects in the British Isles can be traced back to the influence of Celtic, Norse and Norman French languages due to historical conquests and settlements.
  • Social Interaction: The level and type of interaction among social groups also contribute to dialect formation. Social segregation or integration can influence the emergence of new dialects or the disappearance of existing ones.
  • Economic conditions: Economic factors and shifts can lead to migrations and changes in social organization, which, in turn, affect language use and the development of dialects. Industrialization, for example, has caused significant shifts in dialects due to rural-urban migration.

Understanding these factors provides insights into the intricate processes that shape the evolution of dialects, offering a glimpse into the dynamic nature of human language and its ability to adapt to myriad changes in society.

How many dialects of English are there?

Estimating the exact number of English dialects worldwide is a complex task, given the language’s global spread and the constant evolution of speech communities. However, researchers and linguists have identified hundreds of dialects ranging from broad categorizations like British, American, Australian and Canadian English, to more specific regional varieties and local dialects such as Cockney (London), Scots (Scotland), African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the United States, and Hiberno-English in Ireland. This diversity is a testament to the adaptability of English and its ability to incorporate elements from various cultures and languages.

The vast array of English dialects can be as distinct as separate languages, highlighting the rich linguistic diversity within the English-speaking world. Each dialect, with its unique expressions, intonations and vocabulary, can be considered an 'own language' by its speakers, the same language reflecting their unique identity and cultural heritage.

Are any dialects going extinct?

In today's swiftly globalizing world, where a handful of 'world languages' are becoming increasingly dominant, many dialects are under the threat of disappearing. This is particularly evident when the speakers of these dialects migrate and adopt more dominant languages for better integration into new communities or for economic reasons, leading to a decrease in the number of fluent speakers. Furthermore, the widespread influence of digital media and the internet promotes a more uniform use of the same language throughout, further endangering dialects with fewer speakers.

For instance,ÌýÌýin Australia, North America and other parts of the world are at such critical risk that only a few fluent speakers remain, primarily among the older generation. Efforts to document and revitalize these dialects are underway, highlighting the urgent need to preserve the linguistic diversity that they represent. It's a reminder of how linguistic heritage is deeply intertwined with cultural identity, and losing a dialect can equate to losing a piece of human history.

How can language learners benefit from understanding dialects?

For language learners, venturing into the realm of dialects can be both challenging and rewarding. Here’s how understanding dialects can benefit learners:

  • Enhanced listening skills: Exposure to various dialects can improve learners’ ability to understand the language in different contexts, making them more adaptable and competent speakers.
  • Authentic communication: Learning the nuances of a dialect can allow language learners to communicate more authentically with native speakers, fostering deeper connections and understanding. Understanding how a person speaks, including their dialect, can enhance language learners' ability to connect with native speakers on a more personal and cultural level, enriching the learning journey.
  • Cultural immersion: Exploring dialects opens the door to exploring cultural nuances and traditions expressed through language, enhancing the immersive learning experience.

Navigating dialects as a language learner

While the diversity of dialects enriches a language, it can also present learners with the dilemma of which dialect to focus on. Here are a few strategies to navigate this challenge:

  1. Identify your goals: If your aim is to live in a specific region or work in a particular field, learning the local dialect might be more beneficial. However, focusing on the standard or widely understood dialect may be more pragmatic for general communication.
  2. Expose yourself to various dialects: Use media, literature and conversations with native speakers to familiarise yourself with different dialects. This exposure can enhance your understanding and appreciation of the language as a whole.
  3. Seek context: When encountering dialectal words or structures, try to understand the context in which they are used. This approach can help demystify dialectal variations and integrate them into your language use.

Understanding dialects is like exploring the soul of speech in a language, revealing the intricacies and beauties embedded within speech and its form. For language learners, this exploration is not just an academic exercise but a rich, rewarding experience that connects them more deeply with the language and its speakers. Happy dialect exploring!

Whether you're a beginner or looking to master the subtleties of English dialects, we have something for everyone. Join us in the world of language learning byÌýclicking here to read more in our blogs.

Discover our English courses

More blogs from ÃÛÌÒapp

  • A businessman smiling outside

    Upskilling and re-skilling for work: Future-proofing your career

    By Claire Chettiar

    In today's rapidly evolving work landscape, the importance of both upskilling and re-skilling has never been more evident. The skills required in the workplace are continuously shifting due to technological advancements, changing job roles, and increasing global competition. Learning new skills is the key to remaining relevant, competitive, and future proofing your career.Ìý

    A recentÌýÃÛÌÒapp skills outlook reportÌýshows how Indian workers are keen to improve their skills for career growth (with a focus on certain skills in technology and business English) to keep up with progression, and to stay relevant to employers. Following this, in today's post, we explore the significance of upskilling and re-skilling and how they can empower you to thrive in the dynamic world of work.Ìý

    Staying relevant in a changing job market

    The job market is in a constant state of flux, with traditional roles being disrupted and new ones emerging. Upskilling allows you to stay ahead of these changes in your current career, and reskilling allows you to adapt and remain relevant in the face of evolving skill requirements. By continuously updating and expanding your skill set, you enhance your employability and increase your chances of securing meaningful employment opportunities, even in the face of automation and job market fluctuations.

    Enhancing professional growth and advancement

    Upskilling is not just about maintaining your current job; it is also a catalyst for professional growth and advancement. By acquiring new skills, you broaden your horizons, open doors to new career possibilities, and position yourself for promotions and higher-level positions.

    Employers value employees who demonstrate a commitment to self-improvement and possess a diverse range of skills, making upskilling a powerful tool for career progression.

    Navigating technological advancements

    Technology continues to reshape the workplace, and upskilling is essential for effectively navigating these advancements. Automation, artificial intelligence, and digitalization are transforming industries, and workers must adapt to remain relevant. Re-skilling in areas such as data analysis, coding, cybersecurity, or digital marketing equips you with the expertise needed to leverage technology and work alongside it, rather than being displaced by it.

    Increasing job satisfaction and motivation

    Learning and growth are fundamental drivers of job satisfaction and motivation: research has shown that it is as significant a factor as low pay in peoples' decision to stay with a particular company or job role1. Upskilling not only expands your knowledge but also stimulates your intellectual curiosity and passion for your work. When you invest in your professional development, you can align your skills with your passions and find greater fulfilment in your chosen career path.

    Nurturing adaptability and resilience

    Upskilling fosters adaptability and resilience, two essential qualities in today's dynamic work environment. The estimates that a quarter of all jobs will be disrupted in the next five years alone; meaning that everyone needs to be prepared for change and uncertainty.

    By continuously learning and developing new skills, you become more adaptable to changing circumstances and can readily embrace new challenges. Upskilling enhances your problem-solving abilities, critical thinking skills, and ability to learn quickly, making you better equipped to handle unexpected situations and thrive in an ever-evolving workplace.

    Remaining competitive in a global economy

    As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, global competition for jobs is intensifying. By staying abreast of industry trends, acquiring in-demand skills, and demonstrating a commitment to self-improvement, you differentiate yourself from other candidates and increase your chances of securing coveted job opportunities, both domestically and internationally.

    The importance of upskilling and re-skilling for work cannot be overstated. In a rapidly changing world, they are the keys to remaining relevant, adaptable, and competitive. By continuously learning and developing new skills, you future-proof your career, enhance your employability, and open doors to new opportunities.

    Embrace skills development as a lifelong journey: by doing so, you empower yourself to thrive in the dynamic world of work and build a fulfilling, successful career.

  • Two students sat on stairs smiling at a laptop

    How to keep your students motivated during summer intensive courses

    By Richard Cleeve

    Summer is here and so are English language intensive courses. Adults and teens are lining up at your classroom doors, full of enthusiasm and ready to learn English. But soon they’re staring out the windows, looking up at the bright blue skies and wishing they were on the beach, or - frankly - doing anything but studying English for the next 100 hours.

    So how can you turn it around and keep your learners on track and motivated this summer?

    Ìý

  • A group of university students outside smiling

    International students: Which UK university is best for you?

    By

    People study abroad for many reasons - to see new places, to experience a different culture, and, most importantly, to get access to student life and educational opportunities not available at home. If you want to study at a UK university, you’ll not only have access to some truly innovative teaching and research, you’ll also be joining one of the most multicultural student bodies in the world.

    The UK has a vast range of universities and courses to choose from. So, how do you choose between over 160 institutions and thousands of courses? that half of students who drop out of university early do so because they chose the wrong course, so it’s important to be completely happy with your choice.

    So, here's what you need to consider before you make your university application so you can make the right choice.

    Choose your subject

    The first step in choosing a university is deciding what you want to study. Your will be sent to all your university choices, so it should be relevant to all the courses you apply for. This means that your course choices must be the same or in a similar field.

    Think about the school subjects you’re good at, but also think about what you could spend the next three or even four years studying.

    Is there a subject that you want to continue and deepen your knowledge in? Or do you want to study something completely new?

    Do you want to study a subject like law or medicine related to a specific job? Or do you want to take a course like history that can be used in a wide range of careers? Think carefully about these questions and the rest of the process will become much more manageable.

    Do as many events and online taster sessions, and sign up for as many free online courses as possible. has a great range of taster courses from universities all over the world. This can help you decide where your interests lie. Above all, keep notes on what interests you and what doesn’t.

    If you think you want a broader degree, then you’ve always got the option of doing a joint honors degree. This means you combine two different courses. Many joint honors courses combine a language with another subject, allowing you to use your learning around the world or even do a study placement in another country.

    Consider the competition

    When thinking about what course you could do, it’s important to consider the competition. Some courses have many more applicants than places, but there are also hundreds of ‘hidden’ courses that get far fewer applicants. For example, the University of Oxford receives 16.9 applicants per place on its Economics course, but it’s closer to 3 applicants per Classics place. Classics covers a range of areas like politics, history, linguistics and social sciences, and really challenges your intellect.

    Economics might be competitive but Classics might be just as valuable. There are thousands of ‘hidden’ courses, which don't attract as many applicants just because they’re not well known. Check out the full range of courses on the site and the and do it with an open mind.

    Once you’ve narrowed down your list of courses, it’s time to think about where to study.

    Think about location and compare places

    The UK might be a small country but it’s incredibly diverse. There are large, international cities like London or Glasgow, smaller towns and cities like Cardiff, Belfast or Nottingham, rural universities like Lancaster, coastal towns like St. Andrews or historic cities like York, Oxford or Cambridge.

    So, when deciding on a UK university, you must first ask yourself: what’s important to you? Would you prefer to live in a busy city or the quiet countryside? Will you be doing a lot of exploring or will you stay near campus? These factors will make a difference to your decision.

    You’ll also need to think carefully about costs. Different parts of the UK have different living costs, depending on things like rent, transport and the cost of entertainment. Check out to see what rents are like, to get an idea of how expensive life will be.

    Finally, the type of university itself is important. Some universities have campuses where the whole of university life takes place, like the . Others are more spread out, such as the , which has buildings all over the city. Each has its own atmosphere and you should think about which you prefer.

    Look at the university rankingsÌý

    Find out how your preferred universities rank in the league tables. Rankings of the top universities in the UK don’t just measure teaching quality. They show data on student satisfaction, post-graduation employment rates and staff-to-student ratios.

    The best universities in the UK and courses with higher rankings will be more competitive to gain entry to. You can apply for up to five courses on your UCAS form, so choosing a range of courses and universities is a good idea. Include an ambitious choice which you may or may not get the grades for and safe choices that you know will accept you.

    You can check the , or the to see which universities are the most highly rated.

    That being said, student life in the UK is about balance. You need to consider both rankings and what’s right for you. It’s no use going to a top-ranking UK university in a location you hate, studying things that don’t interest you and where the culture on campus doesn’t appeal to you.

    Sometimes it might be better to consider a lower university ranking if it can offer you plenty of chances to thrive and achieve your personal goals.

    Remember, the reason that there are so many different kinds of universities is because everyone is unique. If you’re applying to somewhere you know matches your values and interests, you’ll be much more likely to succeed in your university career.

    Research the teaching style

    It’s a good idea to look at the style of teaching and assessment at your chosen university. Some courses focus more on final exams, others on coursework, projects, dissertations and independent research.

    See whether your university’s exams are open book or closed book. If they’re closed you have to remember a lot more, but if they’re open you will probably have to give more detailed answers in your exams.

    If you can attend open days and chat with other students and potential professors, do so. But if you can’t, remember that each university course website will tell you about the course content and how it is assessed. You need to make a choice based on what type of assessment will suit you best.

    Some courses are taught in large lectures and seminars; others, such as many colleges, will teach you in small groups or one-to-one with a tutor. The teaching style that works best for you will be crucial in your choice.

    Consider your hobbies

    Every university has its own culture and social life based around the student unions and societies. For local and international students, university life is about more than studying.

    You will have a more balanced student experience if you make time for your hobbies. You can look on the university website to learn about student societies and clubs and see which activities are available. But don’t worry if you don’t see anything that appeals - you can always be proactive and start your own society.

    Do you have a sport that you love to do? If you do and are really good at it, you may be eligible for a . There are all sorts of funding and awards available, so even if you think you won’t get anything, it’s a good idea to check.

    Make sure you meet the English language requirements

    You’ll need to pass a test of English for your UK student visa requirements. You can take any Secure English Language Test (SELT) approved by the Home Office, the UK government department responsible for immigration.

    PTE Academic can be used for UK student visas for degree-level courses, and to access 99% of universities in the country. The test takes two hours, covers reading, speaking, listening and writing, and is done on a computer. Results usually come back within 48 hours, making it convenient and reliable.

    Choosing a university requires a lot of thought. Luckily, choosing an English test to get a visa is easy.Ìý