Grammar 101: insider tips and tricks to instantly improve your writing (part 1)

Hannah Lawrence
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Reading time: 4 minutes

I've always been fascinated by language and writing: as a child, I wrote newsletters for my classmates and books about my imaginary friends' adventures. That love of words eventually led me into a career as a writer, editor and proofreader. Over my career, I've checked thousands of reports, articles and blogs – and I see the same grammatical mistakes time and time again.

In this blog series, I'll share my favourite tips and tricks to help you remember those tricky grammar rules; whether you're writing for work, to learn or just for fun, these posts will help you improve your English and write with more confidence. Here are the top three grammar rules that people ask me to explain:

1) "Which" or "that"?

2) "Less" or "fewer"?

3)"Me" or "I"?

Grammar 101
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"Which" or "that"?

We use "that" to introduce a phrase that is essential for fully understanding a sentence. For example, if a colleague asks you to "Join me in the meeting room that has a red door", then this tells us that there is more than one meeting room, but only one has a red door. Without this piece of information, you won't know where to meet your colleague. Phrases like this that hold essential information are called "restrictive clauses".

In comparison, “which” introduces additional information that isn’t essential for understanding the sentence’s meaning. At a different office, if your colleague asks you to "Join me in the meeting room, which has a red door", then this tells us that there is only one meeting room and it happens to have a red door. You don't need to know the colour of the door to understand where to meet. These are called "non-restrictive clauses" and are separated with commas, unlike restrictive clauses.

Also compare:
"Simon brought his dog that has three legs." (This tells us that Simon has more than one dog and only one of those dogs has three legs.)

"Jada brought her dog, which has three legs." (This tells us that Jada only has one dog. The dog also happens to have three legs.)

"Less" or "fewer"?

"Fewer" is for items that you can count: it means "not as many".

"Less" is for mass concepts: it means "not as much".

For example: "I'm trying to have less sugar in my diet. As part of this, I'm going to have fewer spoons of sugar in my coffee."

Another example: "I had less time to work this week, so I did fewer hours on the assignment."

"Time" is uncountable but "hours" are countable.

"Me" or "I"?

Should you say “Jane, Carlos and I went to the movies?” or “Jane, Carlos and me went to the movies?”

Use "I" when you're doing something – when you are the "subject" of the sentence.

Use "me" when something is being done to you – when you are the "object" of the sentence.

So, "I" is correct here. Here's the easiest way to know which one to use: remove the other people from the sentence and see if it still makes sense.

Incorrect: “Me went to the movies.”

Correct: “I went to the movies.”

Therefore, it's correct to say: “Jane, Carlos and I went to the movies.”

That's when you're the subject of the sentence, now compare it to a case when you're the object.

Incorrect: "Jane invited I to the movies."

Correct: "Jane invited me to the movies."

Bonus tip: remember to always put other people first. So, in our first example, it is always "Jane, Carlos and I", rather than "I, Jane and Carlos".

Grammar can be tricky, but it gets easier with practice – and a few insider secrets. Look out for the next post in this series, where we’ll explore more common grammar mistakes and how to avoid them.

Read our blog posts "11 fascinating facts about English"and "Commonly misspelled English words".

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    Grammar 101: insider tips and tricks to instantly improve your writing (part 2)

    By Hannah Lawrence
    Reading time: 5 minutes

    As a proofreader and editor, I'm often asked to explain the rules of grammar. I answered three of the most common questions in the first post of this series, and now it's time to look at another frequent query: how to use apostrophes.Where do they go? When are they needed? And when should they be left out entirely?

    Apostrophes might be small but they can cause big confusion because they are used both to indicate posession and to contract words. But the good news is that there are clear, simple patterns to follow, which we'll explore, along with exceptions to watch out for.Whether you’re writing a report or just a text message, these tips will help you use apostrophes correctly and confidently.