Understanding dialects in the English language

Friends walking outdoors chatting to eachother
Reading time: 7 minutes

Language reflects the diversity of human culture and society. Among its most fascinating parts are dialects, regional or social varieties of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Dialects are the heartbeat of a language, pulsing with the rich stories, traditions and identities of those who speak them.

Understanding a language and dialect, and its significance, can enrich the learning experience for language learners, offering a deeper appreciation of a language and its speakers. Dialects are not just variations within a language; they are often considered separate entities, each with its own rich history and cultural significance, highlighting the complexity and diversity of linguistic expression.

What exactly is a regional dialect?

At its core, a dialect is a variation of a language spoken by a particular group of people. However, the distinction between dialects and a different language can often be subjective. These variations can occur due to geographical, social class, ethnic, or historical reasons. While all speakers of a language share the same basic grammar rules and vocabulary, those speaking different dialects might use unique words and slang or have distinct pronunciations, highlighting the lack of an objective difference between dialects and languages.

For instance, British and American English are two dialects of the English language that are mutually intelligible, meaning speakers of either dialect can understand, and be understood, by the other. They share the same foundational grammar and most of the core vocabulary but differ in pronunciation, spelling, and some aspects of vocabulary and idioms. Similarly, within Britain or the United States, there are numerous regional dialects (e.g., Yorkshire English, Southern American English) that further showcase the diversity within a single language. Some of these dialects are considered by their speakers to be distinct languages, emphasizing the complex nature of linguistic identity and classification.

What is an example of a dialect?

An example of dialect variation can be seen in the Italian language, which boasts a wide range of regional dialects, showcasing linguistic diversity with multiple dialects spoken across Italy.

For example, the Tuscan dialect has historically been recognized as the basis for standard Italian, largely due to its use in influential literature. However, other dialects from regions like Sicily or Lombardy vary significantly from Tuscan Italian in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax, reflecting the diverse cultural landscapes and histories of Italy’s regions.

Another example of this variation of dialect within a single language is found in the United Kingdom. For instance, the Cockney dialect, originating from London’s East End, is renowned for its rhyming slang and distinct vowel sounds, serving as a prime example of spoken dialects that emphasize the importance of oral tradition. Contrastingly, the Geordie dialect, native to Newcastle and the surrounding areas, boasts an entirely different set of vocabulary, pronunciation patterns, and even grammatical structures, further highlighting the diverse range of spoken dialects within the standard English language.

What is the difference between a dialect and an accent?

The distinction between a dialect and an accent is subtle yet significant. An accent relates solely to differences in pronunciation - the distinct manner in which people say words, often influenced by unique speech patterns that can vary significantly across different languages and regions.

In contrast, a dialect encompasses not only pronunciation and accent but also includes specific grammar and vocabulary. Accents can be a component of a dialect, but dialects offer a broader spectrum of linguistic variety, including lexical and grammatical differences.

For instance, someone might speak English with a Scottish accent but use the same grammatical structures and vocabulary as an English speaker from London; however, Scots, a variety spoken in Scotland, is considered a dialect (or even a separate, distinct language, by some) because it possesses unique grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

Why are different dialects important?

Dialects are more than just linguistic variations; they are windows into communities' cultural and social fabric. They carry with them histories, traditions and the identity of their speakers. Some dialects are even considered 'distinct languages' by their speakers, highlighting the deep cultural significance of these linguistic forms. Learning about dialects, including regional dialects, can thus offer insights into:

  • Cultural contexts: Understanding the dialects of a language, especially regional dialects, can provide language learners with a richer cultural understanding and a more nuanced perspective of the language’s speakers. This exploration into regional dialects reveals the arbitrary distinction between 'standard' and 'nonstandard' dialects, which is often based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations.
  • Social dynamics: Dialects can reflect social distinctions, historical migrations and contact with other languages, offering clues about social hierarchies, historical conflicts and integrations.
  • Language evolution: Studying dialects reveals how languages change over time, adapting to societies' needs, migrations and innovations.
A woman learning outdoors looking at a sceneic view

Factors that influence dialects

Several factors can significantly influence the development and usage of dialects, including:

  • Geography: The geographical location of a group of speakers can play a significant role in shaping their dialect. Geographic isolation or settlement patterns can result in linguistic variations that may become entrenched as distinct dialects.
  • History: Historical events such as invasions, migrations, trade, colonization and even political alignments profoundly affect the development of dialects. For instance, the diversity of dialects in the British Isles can be traced back to the influence of Celtic, Norse and Norman French languages due to historical conquests and settlements.
  • Social Interaction: The level and type of interaction among social groups also contribute to dialect formation. Social segregation or integration can influence the emergence of new dialects or the disappearance of existing ones.
  • Economic conditions: Economic factors and shifts can lead to migrations and changes in social organization, which, in turn, affect language use and the development of dialects. Industrialization, for example, has caused significant shifts in dialects due to rural-urban migration.

Understanding these factors provides insights into the intricate processes that shape the evolution of dialects, offering a glimpse into the dynamic nature of human language and its ability to adapt to myriad changes in society.

How many dialects of English are there?

Estimating the exact number of English dialects worldwide is a complex task, given the language’s global spread and the constant evolution of speech communities. However, researchers and linguists have identified hundreds of dialects ranging from broad categorizations like British, American, Australian and Canadian English, to more specific regional varieties and local dialects such as Cockney (London), Scots (Scotland), African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the United States, and Hiberno-English in Ireland. This diversity is a testament to the adaptability of English and its ability to incorporate elements from various cultures and languages.

The vast array of English dialects can be as distinct as separate languages, highlighting the rich linguistic diversity within the English-speaking world. Each dialect, with its unique expressions, intonations and vocabulary, can be considered an 'own language' by its speakers, the same language reflecting their unique identity and cultural heritage.

Are any dialects going extinct?

In today's swiftly globalizing world, where a handful of 'world languages' are becoming increasingly dominant, many dialects are under the threat of disappearing. This is particularly evident when the speakers of these dialects migrate and adopt more dominant languages for better integration into new communities or for economic reasons, leading to a decrease in the number of fluent speakers. Furthermore, the widespread influence of digital media and the internet promotes a more uniform use of the same language throughout, further endangering dialects with fewer speakers.

For instance,ÌýÌýin Australia, North America and other parts of the world are at such critical risk that only a few fluent speakers remain, primarily among the older generation. Efforts to document and revitalize these dialects are underway, highlighting the urgent need to preserve the linguistic diversity that they represent. It's a reminder of how linguistic heritage is deeply intertwined with cultural identity, and losing a dialect can equate to losing a piece of human history.

How can language learners benefit from understanding dialects?

For language learners, venturing into the realm of dialects can be both challenging and rewarding. Here’s how understanding dialects can benefit learners:

  • Enhanced listening skills: Exposure to various dialects can improve learners’ ability to understand the language in different contexts, making them more adaptable and competent speakers.
  • Authentic communication: Learning the nuances of a dialect can allow language learners to communicate more authentically with native speakers, fostering deeper connections and understanding. Understanding how a person speaks, including their dialect, can enhance language learners' ability to connect with native speakers on a more personal and cultural level, enriching the learning journey.
  • Cultural immersion: Exploring dialects opens the door to exploring cultural nuances and traditions expressed through language, enhancing the immersive learning experience.

Navigating dialects as a language learner

While the diversity of dialects enriches a language, it can also present learners with the dilemma of which dialect to focus on. Here are a few strategies to navigate this challenge:

  1. Identify your goals: If your aim is to live in a specific region or work in a particular field, learning the local dialect might be more beneficial. However, focusing on the standard or widely understood dialect may be more pragmatic for general communication.
  2. Expose yourself to various dialects: Use media, literature and conversations with native speakers to familiarise yourself with different dialects. This exposure can enhance your understanding and appreciation of the language as a whole.
  3. Seek context: When encountering dialectal words or structures, try to understand the context in which they are used. This approach can help demystify dialectal variations and integrate them into your language use.

Understanding dialects is like exploring the soul of speech in a language, revealing the intricacies and beauties embedded within speech and its form. For language learners, this exploration is not just an academic exercise but a rich, rewarding experience that connects them more deeply with the language and its speakers. Happy dialect exploring!

Whether you're a beginner or looking to master the subtleties of English dialects, we have something for everyone. Join us in the world of language learning byÌýclicking here to read more in our blogs.

Discover our English courses

More blogs from ÃÛÌÒapp

  • A teacher stood at the front of a class with a book, pointing at a student. Students are sat at desks with their hands raised.

    Assessing and tracking your students' language learning

    By ÃÛÌÒapp Languages

    Reading time: 4 minutes

    As a language teacher, your goal is not just to impart knowledge but to guide your students on a transformative journey toward fluency. Assessing and tracking learning progress is a dynamic process that empowers both educators and learners, rather than being just a routine task.

    In today's language learning blog post, we will explore the significance of assessment in language teaching and provide valuable insights on how to track and assess your students' linguistic development.

    The benefits

    Informed instruction

    Regular assessments enable teachers to tailor instruction to meet individual student needs. Identifying strengths and weaknesses helps educators adapt teaching methods, promoting a more personalized and effective learning experience.

    Motivational tool

    Assessment results can be very useful in motivating students. Even small progress should be acknowledged as it can boost their confidence and encourage a positive attitude towards learning. It is important to share success stories, celebrate achievements and foster a culture of continuous improvement within your language classroom.

    Feedback for growth

    Assessment feedback can help students improve their skills by giving them a clear idea of their strengths and weaknesses. Teachers can use this feedback to encourage students to take responsibility for their learning journey and foster a growth mindset that is resilient even in the face of linguistic difficulties.

    Tracking and assessment methods

    Diverse assessment methods

    Embrace a variety of assessment methods to capture the multifaceted nature of language learning. Beyond traditional exams, integrate speaking assessments, project-based evaluations and collaborative activities. This diversity ensures a comprehensive understanding of your students' language proficiency.

    Example: Consider assigning projects that involve researching, creating presentations and demonstrating creative expression (like plays or videos) in the target language. Assessing various aspects such as language skills, creativity and critical thinking. Design projects around your class's interests and motivations.

    Formative assessments

    Integrate formative assessments into your teaching strategy. These ongoing evaluations, such as quizzes, class discussions and short writing assignments, provide real-time feedback. For instance, if you notice that your students are struggling with a particular concept, you can use formative assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of your teaching approach and make necessary adjustments.

    Example: Conduct regular quizzes, polls or short assessments during class to evaluate students' understanding. Use quick checks to gauge student understanding to adjust teaching methods accordingly. This will help you tailor your teaching methods in real time to ensure effective lesson delivery.

    Portfolio assessment

    Encourage students to maintain language portfolios. These portfolios can include samples of their written work, recorded conversations and reflections on their language learning journey. Portfolio assessments offer a holistic view of progress and provide students with a tangible record of their achievements.

    Example: Conduct periodic portfolio reviews to discuss progress and set goals. Encourage frequent reflection to show learners how far they've come.Ìý

    Self-assessment

    Empower students to self-assess. Encourage reflection on their language skills, setting goals and evaluating their own progress. Self-assessment also fosters a sense of responsibility and independence in the learning process. When students take ownership of their progress, they become more invested in their education and are more likely to achieve their goals.

    Example: Provide your language students self-assessment checklists or rubrics for them to evaluate their proficiency and set personal goals.

    Technology integration

    Use language learning platforms' analytics and progress reports for data-driven decision-making. It's great to help save time and provide reliable and up-to-date reports.Ìý

    Example: Using online platforms for assignments, quizzes and collaborative projects with built-in tracking features. Our learning platforms, ÃÛÌÒapp English Connect (PEC)Ìýand MyEnglishLab (MEL), can help you keep track of your students' progress.

    Cultural projects

    Cultural projects are a great way to engage students in the broader context of the language they are learning. These projects could involve researching cultural practices, traditions or historical events related to the language.

    Students learn how to navigate cultural nuances, understand diverse perspectives and effectively communicate in different cultural contexts by participating in cultural projects. Such projects help students form a personal connection with the language and bridge the gap between theory and real-world application, making language learning more meaningful.

    Example: Assign projects that explore certain cultural aspects of the target language, encouraging a deeper understanding of context. These can be evaluated on how well it's presented, its clarity, and how factually accurate it is.

    Peer reviews

    Peer review is a valuable practice that promotes a sense of community within the language learning classroom. It involves students working together and offering constructive feedback to each other, which leads to the development of their language skills. It creates a collaborative learning environment where students actively participate in the improvement of their peers, learning from one another's strengths and weaknesses.

    Students often put more effort into assignments when they know peers will review their work. This increased accountability can lead to higher-quality work and a greater commitment to language learning.

    Example: Implement peer review sessions where students provide feedback on each other's written or spoken assignments. Encourage constructive criticism to enhance collaboration and learning. To accommodate shy students, this process can be anonymous.

    Ìý

    Assessing and tracking language learning progress is integral to effective language teaching, requiring continuous interaction between educators and students.

    By utilizing diverse assessment methods and fostering a culture of constant improvement, language teachers play a vital role in guiding their students toward linguistic fluency. Helping language students celebrate their successes and overcome challenges helps them to be not only proficient speakers but also lifelong language enthusiasts.

    Are you an English teacher preparing for assessments? Check out our postÌýMotivating your students through assessment.

    As well as our learning platforms, PECÌýand MEL, we offer various English assessments and courses to help track your learner's progress and to certify their English level, so make sure to explore our range to find the best solution for your students.ÌýÌý

  • Students working together laughing with a laptop in front of them

    Improve student vocabulary and memory with these classroom activities

    By Vaughan Jones

    Reading time: 6.5 minutes

    Vaughan Jones has more than 30 years of experience as an EFL Teacher, Trainer and Author. He’s lived and worked in France, Japan and Spain, and has worked to produce a number of coursebooks, including Focus, an English language learning series for upper-secondary students.

    In this post he explores some tips and techniques for language teachers to help students improve their ability to remember vocabulary.Ìý

  • Woman sat at a desk with a laptop, tablet and open notepads studying

    6 language learning techniques for beginners

    By

    Reading time: 4 minutes

    So you’ve just started to learn a new language (or just set up a resolution to learn one), you're not alone; every day there are embracing the challenge of mastering a language. It can be tricky to know where to start, and sometimes the biggest learning hurdle.

    No matter what language you're trying out (and whatever your native language), there are always solid methods to help start your journey off and help reach your language learning goals. Here are some suggestions to help you get started.

    Chunking technique

    Rather than attempting to memorize lengthy lists of words, it's more effective to break them down into smaller, more manageable chunks. You can group the words by themes or categories, such as food, colors or daily activities. Additionally, you can use mnemonic devices or create associations to help you remember them more efficiently.

    For example, if you're trying to learn colors, you could use the acronym "ROYGBIV" and make a phrase out of that, like ‘Richard of York gave battle in vain’ to remember the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. ÌýYou can make whatever acronyms or phrases are easiest for you to remember.

    This technique can also be used to remember rules or concepts. By associating them with memorable phrases, images or stories, they become easier to recall and apply in practical situations.

    Spaced Repetition System (SRS)

    Use spaced repetition systems like Anki or Quizlet to create flashcards for vocabulary. These systems use algorithms that show flashcards at intervals based on your familiarity with the words. Review flashcards regularly, focusing more on unfamiliar words to reinforce memory retention.

    To create effective flashcards, it is important to focus on quality over quantity. Instead of trying to memorize large amounts of words at once, start with a smaller set of words and gradually add more as you become more comfortable. When creating your flashcards, include both the word and its definition. You can also include example sentences or images to help you remember the word more easily.

    The more you practice something regularly the more likely it is to stick in your . You’ll be surprised how much you can retain over time with this technique that’s based on science.

    Pomodoro Technique

    A classic but essential technique. Divide your study time into short, focused intervals using the Pomodoro Technique. Set a timer for 25 minutes of concentrated language practice, followed by a 5-minute break. Repeat this cycle and take a longer break after every 4 cycles (2 hours).

    This method boosts productivity and maintains focus during study sessions. It is great for those days when your attention span isn’t as sharp as usual. Find an online Pomodoro .

    Visual learning aids

    If you are feeling overwhelmed by the amount of information you are trying to learn, creating visual aids such as mind maps and infographics can be a helpful way to simplify complex concepts and make them easier to understand.

    For example, when studying a new language, you may find it helpful to create a mind map that breaks down the different grammar rules, verb conjugations and key phrases you need to know. This can help you see how all of the different elements fit together and make it easier to remember them when you need to use them. It can be a great way to also notice patterns, which can be helpful for understanding a concept or language rule.

    Vocabulary notebook

    Designate a notebook or use digital tools to create aÌývocabulary repository. Divide it into sections based on themes. For example, you could have a section for business vocabulary, another for scientific terms, and so on. This will help you to organize your learning and make it easier to find and review specific words and phrases.

    As you come across new words, be sure to add them to your vocabulary repository right away. Include the word, its definition and an example sentence to provide context. You can also add images or audio recordings to help reinforce your understanding of the word.

    The great thing about designing your own book is that you can present it however you want and in whatever way works best for you. Some people find the act of writing their learnings useful to remember what they’ve learned.

    Regularly reviewing your vocabulary repository will help you retain the words you have learned and expand your knowledge over time. So make sure to set aside some time each week to review your vocabulary and add new words as you come across them.

    Listen and repeat

    Find beginner-friendly podcasts, , TV shows or audio dialogues in the target language. Listen attentively and pause at intervals to repeat what you've heard. Focus on mimicking the speaker's pronunciation and rhythm. This technique aids in comprehension and speaking fluency.

    There are many free resources available online that can help you with this type of listening practice. YouTube is a great place to start, as there are many beginner-friendly clips available in a wide variety of languages; for example, if you're learning Spanish, there are plenty of podcasts available online and on Spotify.

    These specific language learning methods, when incorporated into your language study routine, can significantly help aid your progress as a beginner and keep you on track. Experiment with different methods to find what works best for your learning style and stick to it.

    Don't forget to try out different language learning strategies, even the ones that may seem weird or unusual. You might be surprised at what you find works well in improving your language skills.

    If you're trying to learn English, make sure to read our blog post 6 easy ways to learn English or 3 ways to learn new English words.